{"id":1612,"date":"2026-05-27T04:28:38","date_gmt":"2026-05-27T04:28:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/simoninstitute.ch\/?p=1612"},"modified":"2026-05-27T04:28:39","modified_gmt":"2026-05-27T04:28:39","slug":"waico-understanding-chinas-global-ai-cooperation-initiative","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/simoninstitute.ch\/blog\/post\/waico-understanding-chinas-global-ai-cooperation-initiative","title":{"rendered":"WAICO: Understanding China&#8217;s Global AI Cooperation Initiative"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">China proposed the establishment of the World AI Cooperation Organization (WAICO) in July 2025. The initiative was put forward at China\u2019s flagship annual AI event, the World AI Conference, as UN Member States negotiated modalities for the Independent International Scientific Panel on AI and a Global Dialogue on AI Governance. Chinese leaders have reiterated the proposal in public fora <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/eng\/xw\/zyxw\/202509\/t20250927_11718404.html\">several<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mfa.gov.cn\/eng\/wjbzhd\/202510\/t20251028_11742166.html\">times<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/eng\/zy\/jj\/xjpcx32apecbdhgjxgsfw\/202511\/t20251101_11745402.html\">since<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While WAICO has attracted interest and speculation among AI policy circles, few official details have been published over the past 10 months and little information is available in English. What is WAICO and what are China\u2019s goals in establishing it?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is WAICO?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">China <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/eng\/wjb\/zzjg_663340\/jks_665232\/jkxw_665234\/202507\/t20250730_11679453.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">presented<\/a> its vision last July for an international organization for AI cooperation with three goals:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cDeepening cooperation on innovation to unleash the AI dividend\u201d, including through China sharing the opportunities brought by its own modernization with other countries;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cPromoting inclusive development to bridge the AI divide\u201d, ensuring that all developing countries benefit equally from AI;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cStrengthening collaborative governance to ensure AI for good\u201d, aiming to gradually form a broadly agreed global AI governance framework, standards and norms.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The sequencing of these goals is revealing. China\u2019s National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), which is spearheading the implementation of China\u2019s flagship <a href=\"https:\/\/www.geopolitechs.org\/p\/china-releases-ai-plus-policy-a-brief\">AI Plus initiative<\/a>, reinforced this prioritization in a <a href=\"https:\/\/www-ndrc-gov-cn.translate.goog\/xxgk\/jd\/jd\/202508\/t20250828_1400106.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en&amp;_x_tr_pto=wapp\">policy commentary<\/a> about global AI cooperation. The commentary linked WAICO primarily to capacity-building and bridging the \u201cglobal intelligence divide\u201d, rather than coordination on rules and standards. Chinese official messaging has framed Global South countries as the main beneficiaries of such cooperation, while welcoming the participation of all countries who are \u201csincere and willing in the preparatory work\u2026 and in jointly advancing global AI governance and cooperation\u201d. Judging from this vision and existing <a href=\"https:\/\/mp-weixin-qq-com.translate.goog\/s\/xZh50wIT7TwSKWKgrGhM1w?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en&amp;_x_tr_pto=wapp\">Chinese<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/aim.unido.org\/participations\/586958\">initiatives<\/a>, WAICO will focus on training, joint research, use case sharing, and support with AI model deployment. Some experts <a href=\"https:\/\/simoninstitute.ch\/blog\/post\/chinas-ai-governance-professor-zhang-linghan\">think<\/a> WAICO could extend further into cooperation on data center infrastructure. China intends to base the organization in Shanghai, which also hosts the World AI Conference.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No further official details about WAICO have been released since the initial announcement in July 2025. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) and the NDRC appear to be leading on the elaboration of the organization. Other government stakeholders will likely participate as well. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) in particular already plays a prominent role in delivering BRICS-China AI initiatives and other digital capacity-building projects.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Drivers&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">WAICO\u2019s stated objectives and focus reflect continuity in China\u2019s approach to international governance, both in general and on AI specifically. First, WAICO fits China\u2019s broader engagement on international governance agendas as its global profile and influence grows. President Xi has rolled out \u201cglobal initiatives\u201d focused on Development (2021), Security (2022), Civilization (2023), and Governance (2025). However, in contrast with these initiatives, which seek to&nbsp; articulate Chinese priorities and align others to them, WAICO is intended to be an international organization of member states, with operational capacity and activities.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Second, WAICO\u2019s proposed focus on development and capacity-building aligns with China\u2019s position in the UN and other intergovernmental forums such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and BRICS. Moreover,<strong> <\/strong>WAICO offers a channel for state-to-state capacity-building that is less tied to the human rights-based approach often emphasized in UN settings. In this respect it has parallels to the Belt and Road Initiative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Third, WAICO builds on and formalizes Chinese attempts in the last two years to raise its profile and shape international AI policy developments. These include: a <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.un.org\/en\/A\/res\/78\/311\">UN General Assembly resolution on AI capacity-building<\/a> (which followed a US-led resolution on safe, secure, and trustworthy AI), the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mfa.gov.cn\/mfa_eng\/wjbzhd\/202409\/t20240927_11498465.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">AI Capacity-Building Action Plan for Good and for All<\/a>, the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brics.utoronto.ca\/docs\/250706-ai.html\">BRICS leaders summit statement on Global Governance of AI<\/a>, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/mfa_eng\/xw\/zyxw\/202507\/t20250729_11679232.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Global AI Governance Action Plan<\/a>, and the MIIT-driven <a href=\"https:\/\/gongyi-cctv-com.translate.goog\/2025\/07\/27\/ARTIsTVWLBBYFrDFyIqc3QVo250727.shtml?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en&amp;_x_tr_pto=wapp\">International Open Source AI Cooperation Initiative<\/a>. These initiatives may also reflect the fact that China does not participate in many western-led fora for AI governance discussions, such as the OECD, G7, and International Network of AI Safety Institutes (now rebranded the International Network for Advanced AI Measurement, Evaluation and Science).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">International Reactions&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There has been a limited international response to WAICO so far and no publicly confirmed members. In September 2025, Belarus expressed support for the initiative at a <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.un.org\/en\/S\/PV.10005%20(Resumption%201)\">UN Security Council meeting<\/a> and Kazakh President Tokayev <a href=\"https:\/\/astanatimes.com\/2025\/09\/tokayev-outlines-vision-for-sco-priorities-at-tianjin-summit\/\">said<\/a> that Kazakhstan supported China\u2019s proposal to establish WAICO and was \u201cready to make [its] own contribution to this extremely important endeavor\u201d. In November, a Premier-level joint <a href=\"https:\/\/zm-china--embassy-gov-cn.translate.goog\/zgyw\/202511\/t20251104_11746926.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en&amp;_x_tr_pto=wapp\">communiqu\u00e9<\/a> between China and Russia contained an equivocal expression of willingness to cooperate on China&#8217;s initiative to establish WAICO.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A delay in confirming members is in line with precedent; there was a gap of a year between President Xi proposing the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and its initial members signing a Memorandum of Understanding in 2014. China likely hopes to be able to report progress on WAICO\u2019s establishment in or around July 2026, when the next World AI Conference and the first UN Global Dialogue on AI Governance will take place. Interlocutors expect that there will be sufficient uptake to get WAICO off the ground, but there are challenges. These include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>G<\/strong><strong>eneral caution on establishing new multilateral institutions <\/strong>and traditional Asian hesitance towards the institutionalization of cooperative initiatives. For instance, ASEAN was founded in 1967 but only adopted a formal Charter in 2007.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Resourcing concerns <\/strong>from potential members. There is no public information on a budget or financing model yet. If members need to dedicate resources to WAICO, will this compete with resourcing for other multilateral and regional institutions?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Heightened geopolitical tensions<\/strong> and sensitivities regarding the strategic dimensions of AI. These may deter western-allied countries from joining and potentially induce caution in countries looking to maintain balance in their relationships with China and the US. An <a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/opinion\/columns\/head-beijings-waico-could-determine-new-global-ai-order-india-must-be-vigilant-10357936\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">op-ed<\/a> by India\u2019s former Permanent Representative to the UN illustrates this wariness, cautioning that WAICO could determine the \u201cnew global AI order\u201d and \u201cIndia must be vigilant\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These challenges could help explain why Beijing supported a non-governmental, multistakeholder approach rather than a multilateral one for the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.qstheory.cn\/2026-04\/09\/c_1174150.htm\">World Data Organization<\/a> (WDO), which was inaugurated in the capital in March 2026 as a &#8220;global platform for cooperation on data development and governance\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How will WAICO relate to nascent UN AI processes?&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some observers have questioned whether WAICO\u2019s announcement undermines China\u2019s previous stance that the UN has a central role to play in AI governance. However, China insists that WAICO will \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/eng\/wjb\/zzjg_663340\/jks_665232\/jkxw_665234\/202507\/t20250730_11679453.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">support<\/a> the role of the UN as the main channel in AI governance, and complement [its] efforts\u201d, and that it \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/eng\/xw\/wjbxw\/202509\/t20250930_11720750.html\">looks forward<\/a> to the mutual reinforcement between WAICO and the Global Dialogue on AI Governance\u201d. With the US <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/articles\/2026\/02\/remarks-by-director-michael-kratsios-at-the-india-ai-impact-summit\/\">actively rejecting<\/a> international AI governance initiatives including at the UN, China may have more reason to be seen to be supportive of AI processes there. China might seek to connect WAICO with UN bodies and mechanisms. For instance, it could incorporate cooperation with other relevant international organizations into the articles of agreement or establish a Memorandum of Understanding with a UN body (both of which occurred in the case of AIIB).&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If successful, WAICO could be a vehicle for experimentation to identify and scale cost-effective AI capacity-building interventions and concrete collaborative projects among participating states. It could also be a forum to explore how capacity-building via open-weight models can ensure safety and security. China has a strong open AI model ecosystem, but there have been increasing concerns internationally and domestically about the challenges that open models pose for AI risk management. WAICO could therefore be a venue for fruitful work at the intersection of three priority areas for the UN Global Dialogue on AI Governance: safe, secure and trustworthy AI; capacity building; and <a href=\"https:\/\/simoninstitute.ch\/blog\/post\/open-ai-models-key-actors-and-their-positions\">open AI models, data and software<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion: Implications for Global AI Governance<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By establishing WAICO, China does not intend\u2014nor does it have the resources and global buy-in necessary\u2014to dominate global AI governance agendas and rules. Rather, WAICO is more appropriately interpreted as an attempt to selectively balance western (especially US) influence in AI governance. It will likely be a scaled up version of capacity-building work that China was already doing, and there is scope for it to feed into and complement UN processes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"China proposed the establishment of the World AI Cooperation Organization (WAICO) in July 2025. The initiative was put forward at China\u2019s flagship annual AI event, the World AI Conference, as UN Member States negotiated modalities for the Independent International Scientific Panel on AI and a Global Dialogue on AI Governance. Chinese leaders have reiterated the [&hellip;]","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":1614,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[37,6],"tags":[54,61,111],"post_formats":[21],"post_types":[109,23],"class_list":["post-1612","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ai-governance","category-institutional-design","tag-ai","tag-ai-governance","tag-china","post_formats-research","post_types-analysis","post_types-explainer"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>WAICO: Understanding China&#039;s Global AI Cooperation Initiative &#8211; Simon Institute for Longterm Governance<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"An overview of what we know so far about the aims and membership of China&#039;s proposed World AI Cooperation Organization.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/simoninstitute.ch\/blog\/post\/waico-understanding-chinas-global-ai-cooperation-initiative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"WAICO: Understanding China&#039;s Global AI Cooperation Initiative &#8211; 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